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HCI Games Group

Researching Affective Systems and Engaging Interactions

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Games User Research

The Canadian computer game industry is the third largest in the world, behind the USA and Japan. The sector contributes $2.3 billion annually to Canada's GDP, it employs 16,500 people, and the demand for skilled talent in creative and technical roles is increasing. An essential area of the games industry is games user research (GUR). GUR focuses on understanding, measuring, analyzing, and designing the user experience in games. GUR draws from theoretical foundations to inform design principles that affect player enjoyment and immersion, and applies evaluation methods, data analytics, statistical analysis, predictive modeling, and visualization to assess player engagement. GUR aims to improve the gameplay experience by conducting usability and user experience (UX) evaluation often referred to as playtesting. Playtesting can be conducted by third parties or by an internal team as part of the same development studio. The HCI Games Group includes the leading researchers in this promising new field in the recent years, having helped define and advance the field. Not all independent developers could afford to hire a full-time internal user research team for their project or pay for third party consultancy fees. The challenge for small studios is to utilize the benefits of GUR while maintaining a strict budget, avoiding unneeded costs, resources, and tools. For this, an effective testing method at the lowest possible cost will need to be investigated. With this goal in mind, an effective user testing approach for indie studios should be delivered in a timely, accessible and, economical fashion. Thus the collaboration with XL to explore effective playtesting methods and tools specifically targeted at improving independent sized games.

People

Lead

Lennart Nacke
Director of the HCI Games Group

Participants

Gustavo Fortes Tondello
Ph.D. Researcher, Personalization of Gameful Interactive Systems
Marim Ganaba
Master's Student and UX Researcher
Pejman Mirza-Babaei
Affiliated Faculty
Naeem Moosajee
Master's Student in Games User Research, Digital Wizard
James Robb
Master’s Student, Player Experience
Jose Rodriguez
Master's Student
Mike Schäkermann
Master's Student
Melissa Stocco
Undergraduate Researcher
Rina Wehbe
Ph.D. Student, Errors, Perception of AI, Health Games
Giovanni Ribeiro
Master's Student, Games User Research

Publications


Article

Development and validation of the player experience inventory: A scale to measure player experiences at the level of functional and psychosocial consequences

Vero Vanden Abeele, Katta Spiel, Lennart Nacke, Daniel Johnson, and Kathrin Gerling. 2020. Development and validation of the player experience inventory: A scale to measure player experiences at the level of functional and psychosocial consequences. .
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Proceedings

HexArcade: Predicting Hexad User Types By Using Gameful Applications

Maximilian Altmeyer , Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Antonio Krüger, and Lennart Nacke. 2020. HexArcade: Predicting Hexad User Types By Using Gameful Applications. .
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Article

Validation of User Preferences and Effects of Personalized Gamification on Task Performance

Gustavo Fortes Tondello and Lennart Nacke. 2020. Validation of User Preferences and Effects of Personalized Gamification on Task Performance. .
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Proceedings

Biologically-Inspired Gameplay: Movement Algorithms for Artificially Intelligent (AI) Non-Player Characters (NPC)

Rina Wehbe, Giovanni Ribeiro, Kenny Fung, Lennart Nacke, and Edward Lank. 2019. Biologically-Inspired Gameplay: Movement Algorithms for Artificially Intelligent (AI) Non-Player Characters (NPC). .
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Proceedings

Crushed it!: Interactive Floor Demonstration

Rina Wehbe, Kai Bornemann, Benjamin Hatscher, Joseph Tu, Lisa Freiman Cormier, Christian Hansen, Edward Lank, and Lennart Nacke. 2019. Crushed it!: Interactive Floor Demonstration. .
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Article

Defining Gameful Experience as a Psychological State Caused by Gameplay: Replacing the Term ‘Gamefulness’ with Three Distinct Constructs

Richard Landers, Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Dennis Kappen, Andrew Collmus, Elisa Mekler, and Lennart Nacke. 2019. Defining Gameful Experience as a Psychological State Caused by Gameplay: Replacing the Term ‘Gamefulness’ with Three Distinct Constructs. .
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PhD Thesis

Dynamic Personalization of Gameful Interactive Systems

Gustavo Fortes Tondello. 2019. Dynamic Personalization of Gameful Interactive Systems. .

Article

Empirical Validation of the Gamification User Types Hexad Scale in English and Spanish

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Alberto Mora, Andrzej Marczewski, and Lennart Nacke. 2019. Empirical Validation of the Gamification User Types Hexad Scale in English and Spanish. .
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Proceedings

Gameful Design Heuristics: A Gamification Inspection Tool

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Dennis Kappen, Marim Ganaba, and Lennart Nacke. 2019. Gameful Design Heuristics: A Gamification Inspection Tool. .
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Article

Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Exergames: A Systematic Review

Dennis Kappen, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, and Lennart Nacke. 2019. Older Adults’ Physical Activity and Exergames: A Systematic Review. .

Proceedings

Player Characteristics and Video Game Preferences

Gustavo Fortes Tondello and Lennart Nacke. 2019. Player Characteristics and Video Game Preferences. .
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Proceedings

User Experience (UX) Research in Games

Lennart Nacke, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, and Anders Drachen. 2019. User Experience (UX) Research in Games. .
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Proceedings

“I don't fit into a single type”: A Trait Model and Scale of Game Playing Preferences

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Karina Arrambide, Giovanni Ribeiro, Andrew Cen, and Lennart Nacke. 2019. “I don't fit into a single type”: A Trait Model and Scale of Game Playing Preferences. .
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Proceedings

Exploring the Role of Non-Player Characters and Gender in Player Identification

Katja Rogers, Maria Aufheimer, Michael Weber, and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Exploring the Role of Non-Player Characters and Gender in Player Identification. .
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Book

Games User Research

Anders Drachen, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, and Lennart Nacke (Eds). 2018. Games User Research. .

Proceedings

Games User Research Methods

Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Lennart Nacke, and Anders Drachen. 2018. Games User Research Methods. .
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Proceedings

Gamification: Tools and Techniques for Motivating Users

Gustavo Fortes Tondello and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Gamification: Tools and Techniques for Motivating Users. .
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Collection

Introduction to biometric measures for Games User Research

Lennart Nacke. 2018. Introduction to biometric measures for Games User Research. .

Proceedings

Investigating the Impact of Annotation Interfaces on Player Performance in Distributed Multiplayer Games

Sultan Alharthi, Ruth Castillo, Ahmed Khalaf, Zachary Toups, Igor Dolgov, and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Investigating the Impact of Annotation Interfaces on Player Performance in Distributed Multiplayer Games. .
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Proceedings

KickAR: Exploring Game Balancing Through Boosts and Handicaps in Augmented Reality Table Football

Katja Rogers, Mark Colley, David Lehr, Julian Frommel, Marcel Walch, Lennart Nacke, and Michael Weber. 2018. KickAR: Exploring Game Balancing Through Boosts and Handicaps in Augmented Reality Table Football. .
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Proceedings

Toward Understanding the Effects of Cognitive Styles on Collaboration in Multiplayer Games

Sultan Alharthi, George Raptis, Christina Katsini, Igor Dolgov, Lennart Nacke, and Zachary Toups. 2018. Toward Understanding the Effects of Cognitive Styles on Collaboration in Multiplayer Games. .
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Proceedings

Towards Customizing Gameful Systems by Gameful Design Elements

Gustavo Fortes Tondello and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Towards Customizing Gameful Systems by Gameful Design Elements. .
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Article

Towards a Trait Model of Video Game Preferences

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Deltcho Valtchanov, Adrian Reetz, Rina Wehbe, Rita Orji, and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Towards a Trait Model of Video Game Preferences. .
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Proceedings

Towards the Visual Design of Non-Player Characters for Narrative Roles

Katja Rogers, Maria Aufheimer, Michael Weber, and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Towards the Visual Design of Non-Player Characters for Narrative Roles. .
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Proceedings

Vanishing Importance: Studying Immersive Effects of Game Audio Perception on Player Experiences in Virtual Reality

Katja Rogers, Giovanni Ribeiro, Rina Wehbe, Michael Weber, and Lennart Nacke. 2018. Vanishing Importance: Studying Immersive Effects of Game Audio Perception on Player Experiences in Virtual Reality. .
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Proceedings

A Framework and Taxonomy of Videogame Playing Preferences

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Rina Wehbe, Rita Orji, Giovanni Ribeiro, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. A Framework and Taxonomy of Videogame Playing Preferences. .
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PhD Thesis

Adaptive engagement of older adults’ fitness through gamification

Dennis Kappen. 2017. Adaptive engagement of older adults’ fitness through gamification. .

Proceedings

Applying Gameful Design Heuristics

Gustavo Fortes Tondello and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Applying Gameful Design Heuristics. .
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Proceedings

Curiously Motivated: Profiling Curiosity with Self-Reports and Behaviour Metrics in the Game “Destiny”

Mike Schäkermann, Giovanni Ribeiro, Guenter Wallner, Simone Kriglstein, Daniel Johnson, Anders Drachen, Rafet Sifa, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Curiously Motivated: Profiling Curiosity with Self-Reports and Behaviour Metrics in the Game “Destiny”. .
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Proceedings

Elements of Gameful Design Emerging from User Preferences

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Alberto Mora, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Elements of Gameful Design Emerging from User Preferences. .
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Proceedings

Exploring the Potential of Game Audio for Wellbeing

Katja Rogers and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Exploring the Potential of Game Audio for Wellbeing. .
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Proceedings

From Joysticks to Pokémon Go: Games and Play Research in SIGCHI

Lennart Nacke, Zachary Toups, and Daniel Johnson. 2017. From Joysticks to Pokémon Go: Games and Play Research in SIGCHI. .
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Proceedings

Left Them 4 Dead: Perception of Humans versus Non-Player Character Teammates in Cooperative Gameplay

Rina Wehbe, Edward Lank, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Left Them 4 Dead: Perception of Humans versus Non-Player Character Teammates in Cooperative Gameplay. .
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Proceedings

Positive Gaming: Workshop on Gamification and Games for Wellbeing

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Rita Orji, Kellie Vella, Daniel Johnson, Marierose van Dooren, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Positive Gaming: Workshop on Gamification and Games for Wellbeing. .
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Proceedings

Testing Incremental Difficulty Design in Platformer Games

Rina Wehbe, Elisa Mekler, Mike Schäkermann, Edward Lank, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. Testing Incremental Difficulty Design in Platformer Games. .
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Article

The Impact of Health-Related User Interface Sounds on Player Experience

James Robb, Tom Garner, Karen Collins, and Lennart Nacke. 2017. The Impact of Health-Related User Interface Sounds on Player Experience. .
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Proceedings

Towards Personality-driven Persuasive Health Games and Gamified Systems

Rita Orji, Lennart Nacke, and Chrysanne Di Marco. 2017. Towards Personality-driven Persuasive Health Games and Gamified Systems. .
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Proceedings

Games User Research (GUR) for Indie Studios

Naeem Moosajee and Pejman Mirza-Babaei. 2016. Games User Research (GUR) for Indie Studios. .
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Proceedings

Investigating the Impact of Cooperative Communication Mechanics on Player Performance in Portal 2

Deepika Vaddi, Zachary Toups, Igor Dolgov, Rina Wehbe, and Lennart Nacke. 2016. Investigating the Impact of Cooperative Communication Mechanics on Player Performance in Portal 2. .
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Proceedings

Lightweight Games User Research for Indies and Non-Profit Organizations

Lennart Nacke, Christiane Moser, Anders Drachen, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Andrea Abney, and Zhu (Cole) Zhenyu. 2016. Lightweight Games User Research for Indies and Non-Profit Organizations. .
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Proceedings

The Gamification User Types Hexad Scale

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Rina Wehbe, Lisa Diamond, Marc Busch, Andrzej Marczewski, and Lennart Nacke. 2016. The Gamification User Types Hexad Scale. .
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Proceedings

“The Collecting Itself Feels Good”: Towards Collection Interfaces for Digital Game Objects

Zachary Toups, Nicole Crenshaw, Rina Wehbe, Gustavo Fortes Tondello, and Lennart Nacke. 2016. “The Collecting Itself Feels Good”: Towards Collection Interfaces for Digital Game Objects. .
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Proceedings

All about that Base: Differing Player Experiences in Video Game Genres and the Unique Case of MOBA Games

Daniel Johnson, Lennart Nacke, and Peta Wyeth. 2015. All about that Base: Differing Player Experiences in Video Game Genres and the Unique Case of MOBA Games. .
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Proceedings

Data Synchronization in Games User Research

Rina Wehbe and Lennart Nacke. 2015. Data Synchronization in Games User Research. .
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Collection

Games User Research and Physiological Game Evaluation

Lennart Nacke. 2015. Games User Research and Physiological Game Evaluation. .
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Proceedings

Personalization in Serious and Persuasive Games and Gamified Interactions

Marc Busch, Elke Mattheiss, Rita Orji, Andrzej Marczewski, Wolfgang Hochleitner, Michael Lankes, Lennart Nacke, and Manfred Tscheligi. 2015. Personalization in Serious and Persuasive Games and Gamified Interactions. .
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Proceedings

Toward Understanding Why Players Value In-Game Collections

Zachary Toups, Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Rina Wehbe, Lennart Nacke, and Nicole Crenshaw. 2015. Toward Understanding Why Players Value In-Game Collections. .
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Proceedings

Towards Understanding the Importance of Co-Located Gameplay

Rina Wehbe and Lennart Nacke. 2015. Towards Understanding the Importance of Co-Located Gameplay. .
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Proceedings

Understanding Player Attitudes Towards Digital Game Objects

Gustavo Fortes Tondello, Rina Wehbe, Zachary Toups, Lennart Nacke, and Nicole Crenshaw. 2015. Understanding Player Attitudes Towards Digital Game Objects. .
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Proceedings

Validating Test Chambers to Study Cooperative Communication Mechanics in Portal 2

Deepika Vaddi, Rina Wehbe, Zachary Toups, Samantha Stahlke, Rylan Koroluk, and Lennart Nacke. 2015. Validating Test Chambers to Study Cooperative Communication Mechanics in Portal 2. .
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Article

BrainHex: A Neurobiological Gamer Typology Survey

Lennart Nacke, Chris Bateman, and Regan Mandryk. 2014. BrainHex: A Neurobiological Gamer Typology Survey. .
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Proceedings

Developing Iconic and Semi-Iconic Game Controllers

Lennart Nacke, João Costa, Dennis Kappen, James Robb, and Daniel Buckstein. 2014. Developing Iconic and Semi-Iconic Game Controllers. .
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Proceedings

Engaged by Boos and Cheers: The Effect of Co-Located Game Audiences on Social Player Experience

Dennis Kappen, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Jens Johannsmeier, Daniel Buckstein, James Robb, and Lennart Nacke. 2014. Engaged by Boos and Cheers: The Effect of Co-Located Game Audiences on Social Player Experience. .
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Proceedings

Fuzzy Affective Player Models: A Physiology-Based Hierarchical Clustering Method

Pedro Nogueira, Rúben Aguiar, Rui Rodrigues, Eugénio Oliveira, and Lennart Nacke. 2014. Fuzzy Affective Player Models: A Physiology-Based Hierarchical Clustering Method. .
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Proceedings

Games and Entertainment Community SIG: Reaching Beyond CHI

Lennart Nacke, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Magy Seif El-Nasr, Heather Desurvire, and Regina Bernhaupt. 2014. Games and Entertainment Community SIG: Reaching Beyond CHI. .
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Proceedings

Introducing the Biometric Storyboards Tool for Games User Research

Pejman Mirza-Babaei and Lennart Nacke. 2014. Introducing the Biometric Storyboards Tool for Games User Research. .
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Proceedings

Player Experience: Mixed Methods and Reporting Results

Veronica Zammitto, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Ian Livingston, Marina Kobayashi, and Lennart Nacke. 2014. Player Experience: Mixed Methods and Reporting Results. .
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Proceedings

Social Player Analytics in a Facebook Health Game

Lennart Nacke, Matthias Klauser, and Paul Prescod. 2014. Social Player Analytics in a Facebook Health Game. .
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Proceedings

The Edge of Glory: The Relationship Between Metacritic Scores and Player Experience

Daniel Johnson, Christopher N. Watling, John Gardner, and Lennart Nacke. 2014. The Edge of Glory: The Relationship Between Metacritic Scores and Player Experience. .
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Proceedings

Understanding Expectations with Multiple Controllers in an Augmented Reality Videogame

Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Nathan Gale, João Costa, Lennart Nacke, and Daniel Johnson. 2014. Understanding Expectations with Multiple Controllers in an Augmented Reality Videogame. .
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Proceedings

Unified Visualization of Quantitative and Qualitative Playtesting Data

Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Günter Wallner, Graham McAllister, and Lennart Nacke. 2014. Unified Visualization of Quantitative and Qualitative Playtesting Data. .
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Proceedings

A Hybrid Approach at Emotional State Detection: Merging Theoretical Models of Emotion with Data-Driven Statistical Classifiers

Pedro Nogueira, Rui Rodrigues, Eugénio Oliveira, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. A Hybrid Approach at Emotional State Detection: Merging Theoretical Models of Emotion with Data-Driven Statistical Classifiers. .
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Article

A Regression-Based Method for Lightweight Emotional State Detection in Interactive Environments

Pedro Nogueira, Rui Rodrigues, Eugénio Oliveira, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. A Regression-Based Method for Lightweight Emotional State Detection in Interactive Environments. .
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Proceedings

An Introduction to EEG Analysis Techniques and Brain-Computer Interfaces for Games User Researchers

Rina Wehbe and Lennart Nacke. 2013. An Introduction to EEG Analysis Techniques and Brain-Computer Interfaces for Games User Researchers. .
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Collection

An Introduction to Physiological Player Metrics for Evaluating Games

Lennart Nacke. 2013. An Introduction to Physiological Player Metrics for Evaluating Games. .

Proceedings

Assessing User Preference of Video Game Controller Button Settings

William Ellick, Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Sharon Wood, Duncan Smith, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. Assessing User Preference of Video Game Controller Button Settings. .
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Article

Contextual Influences on Mobile Player Experience--A Game User Experience Model

Stephan Engl and Lennart Nacke. 2013. Contextual Influences on Mobile Player Experience--A Game User Experience Model. .
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Proceedings

Designing and Evaluating Sociability in Online Video Games

Georgios Christou, Effie Lai-Chong Law, David Geerts, Lennart Nacke, and Panayiotis Zaphiris. 2013. Designing and Evaluating Sociability in Online Video Games. .
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Proceedings

EEG-Based Assessment of Video and In-Game Learning

Rina Wehbe, Dennis Kappen, David Rojas, Matthias Klauser, Bill Kapralos, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. EEG-Based Assessment of Video and In-Game Learning. .
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Proceedings

Exploring Social Interaction in Co-Located Multiplayer Games

Dennis Kappen, John Gregory, Daniel Stepchenko, Rina Wehbe, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. Exploring Social Interaction in Co-Located Multiplayer Games. .
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Proceedings

Games User Research: Practice, Methods, and Applications

Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Veronica Zammitto, Joerg Niesenhaus, Mirweis Sangin, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. Games User Research: Practice, Methods, and Applications. .
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Proceedings

Guided Emotional State Regulation: Understanding and Shaping Players' Affective Experiences in Digital Games

Pedro Nogueira, Rui Rodrigues, Eugénio Oliveira, and Lennart Nacke. 2013. Guided Emotional State Regulation: Understanding and Shaping Players' Affective Experiences in Digital Games. .
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Proceedings

How Does It Play Better? Exploring User Testing and Biometric Storyboards in Games User Research

Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Lennart Nacke, John Gregory, Nick Collins, and Geraldine Fitzpatrick. 2013. How Does It Play Better? Exploring User Testing and Biometric Storyboards in Games User Research. .
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Article

The Effect of Sound on Visual Fidelity Perception in Stereoscopic 3-D

David Rojas, Bill Kapralos, Andrew Hogue, Karen Collins, Lennart Nacke, Sayra Cristancho, Cristina Conati, and Adam Dubrowski. 2013. The Effect of Sound on Visual Fidelity Perception in Stereoscopic 3-D. .
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Proceedings

The Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification: Deconstructing Gamification in Business Applications

Dennis Kappen and Lennart Nacke. 2013. The Kaleidoscope of Effective Gamification: Deconstructing Gamification in Business Applications. .
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Proceedings

"I'm Just Here to Play Games": Social Dynamics and Sociality in an Online Game Site

Gregor McEwan, Carl Gutwin, Regan Mandryk, and Lennart Nacke. 2012. "I'm Just Here to Play Games": Social Dynamics and Sociality in an Online Game Site. .
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Article

Analysing Social Metrics in an Online Game Site

Gregor McEwan, Carl Gutwin, Regan Mandryk, and Lennart Nacke. 2012. Analysing Social Metrics in an Online Game Site. .
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Proceedings

Biometric Storyboards: Visualising Game User Research Data

Pejman Mirza-Babaei, Lennart Nacke, Geraldine Fitzpatrick, Gareth White, Graham McAllister, and Nick Collins. 2012. Biometric Storyboards: Visualising Game User Research Data. .
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Proceedings

Feedback-Based Gameplay Metrics: Measuring Player Experience via Automatic Visual Analysis

Raphaël Marczak, Jasper van Vught, Gareth Schott, and Lennart Nacke. 2012. Feedback-Based Gameplay Metrics: Measuring Player Experience via Automatic Visual Analysis. .
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Proceedings

Flow in Games: Proposing a Flow Experience Model

Lennart Nacke. 2012. Flow in Games: Proposing a Flow Experience Model. .
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Proceedings

Full-Body Motion-Based Game Interaction for Older Adults

Kathrin Gerling, Ian Livingston, Lennart Nacke, and Regan Mandryk. 2012. Full-Body Motion-Based Game Interaction for Older Adults. .
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Proceedings

Game User Research

Magy Seif El-Nasr, Heather Desurvire, Lennart Nacke, Anders Drachen, Licia Calvi, Katherine Isbister, and Regina Bernhaupt. 2012. Game User Research. .
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Proceedings

Mixed Reality Games

Elizabeth Bonsignore, Derek Hansen, Zachary Toups, Lennart Nacke, Anastasia Salter, and Wayne Lutters. 2012. Mixed Reality Games. .
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Proceedings

Motion-Based Game Design for Older Adults

Kathrin Gerling, Ian Livingston, Lennart Nacke, and Regan Mandryk. 2012. Motion-Based Game Design for Older Adults. .
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Proceedings

Accessible Games SIG

Arnie Lund, Annuska Perkins, Sri Kurniawan, and Lennart Nacke. 2011. Accessible Games SIG. .
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Proceedings

Biofeedback Game Design: Using Direct and Indirect Physiological Control to Enhance Game Interaction

Lennart Nacke, Michael Kalyn, Calvin Lough, and Regan Mandryk. 2011. Biofeedback Game Design: Using Direct and Indirect Physiological Control to Enhance Game Interaction. .
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Collection

BrainHex: Preliminary Results from a Neurobiological Gamer Typology Survey

Lennart Nacke, Chris Bateman, and Regan Mandryk. 2011. BrainHex: Preliminary Results from a Neurobiological Gamer Typology Survey. .
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Proceedings

Calibration Games : Making Calibration Tasks Enjoyable by Adding Motivating Game Elements

David Flatla, Carl Gutwin, Lennart Nacke, Scott Bateman, and Regan Mandryk. 2011. Calibration Games : Making Calibration Tasks Enjoyable by Adding Motivating Game Elements. .
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Article

Developing a Triangulation System for Digital Game Events, Observational Video, and Psychophysiological Data to Study Emotional Responses to a Virtual Character

J. Matias Kivikangas, Lennart Nacke, and Niklas Ravaja. 2011. Developing a Triangulation System for Digital Game Events, Observational Video, and Psychophysiological Data to Study Emotional Responses to a Virtual Character. .
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Proceedings

Directions in Physiological Game Evaluation and Interaction

Lennart Nacke. 2011. Directions in Physiological Game Evaluation and Interaction. .
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Proceedings

From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining "Gamification"

Sebastian Deterding, Dan Dixon, Rilla Khaled, and Lennart Nacke. 2011. From Game Design Elements to Gamefulness: Defining "Gamification". .
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Proceedings

Gamification: Toward a Definition

Sebastian Deterding, Rilla Khaled, Lennart Nacke, and Dan Dixon. 2011. Gamification: Toward a Definition. .
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Proceedings

Gamification: Using Game Design Elements in Non-Gaming Contexts

Sebastian Deterding, Miguel Sicart, Lennart Nacke, Kenton O'Hara, and Dan Dixon. 2011. Gamification: Using Game Design Elements in Non-Gaming Contexts. .
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Collection

Influencing Experience: The Effects of Reading Game Reviews on Player Experience

Ian Livingston, Lennart Nacke, and Regan Mandryk. 2011. Influencing Experience: The Effects of Reading Game Reviews on Player Experience. .
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Proceedings

Player Typology in Theory and Practice

Chris Bateman, Rebecca Lowenhaupt, and Lennart Nacke. 2011. Player Typology in Theory and Practice. .
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Book Chapter

Player-Game Interaction Through Affective Sound

Lennart Nacke and Mark Grimshaw. 2011. Player-Game Interaction Through Affective Sound. .
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Proceedings

The Impact of Negative Game Reviews and User Comments on Player Experience

Ian Livingston, Lennart Nacke, and Regan Mandryk. 2011. The Impact of Negative Game Reviews and User Comments on Player Experience. .
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Article

Towards a Framework of Player Experience Research

Lennart Nacke and Anders Drachen. 2011. Towards a Framework of Player Experience Research. .
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Article

BioS-Play: Workshop on Multiuser and Social Biosignal Adaptive Games and Playful Applications

Kai Kuikkaniemi, Marko Turpeinen, Hannu Korhonen, Niklas Ravaja, Guillaume Chanel, and Lennart Nacke. 2010. BioS-Play: Workshop on Multiuser and Social Biosignal Adaptive Games and Playful Applications. .
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Proceedings

Brain, Body and Bytes: Psychophysiological User Interaction

Audrey Girouard, Erin Solovey, Regan Mandryk, Desney Tan, Lennart Nacke, and Robert Jacob. 2010. Brain, Body and Bytes: Psychophysiological User Interaction. .
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Article

Bringing Digital Games to User Research and User Experience

Lennart Nacke, Joerg Niesenhaus, Stephan Engl, Alessandro Canossa, Kai Kuikkaniemi, and Thomas Immich. 2010. Bringing Digital Games to User Research and User Experience. .
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Proceedings

Correlation Between Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity and Player Experience in First-Person Shooter Games

Anders Drachen, Lennart Nacke, Georgios Yannakakis, and Anja Pedersen. 2010. Correlation Between Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity and Player Experience in First-Person Shooter Games. .
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Article

Critic-Proofing: Robust Validation Through Data-Mining

Ian Livingston, Lennart Nacke, and Regan Mandryk. 2010. Critic-Proofing: Robust Validation Through Data-Mining. .
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Article

Designing Affective Games with Physiological Input

Lennart Nacke and Regan Mandryk. 2010. Designing Affective Games with Physiological Input. .
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Article

Electroencephalographic Assessment of Player Experience: A Pilot Study in Affective Ludology

Lennart Nacke, Sophie Stellmach, and Craig Lindley. 2010. Electroencephalographic Assessment of Player Experience: A Pilot Study in Affective Ludology. .
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Article

Gameplay Experience Testing with Playability and Usability Surveys-An Experimental Pilot Study

Lennart Nacke, Jonas Schild, and Joerg Niesenhaus. 2010. Gameplay Experience Testing with Playability and Usability Surveys-An Experimental Pilot Study. .
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Article

Methods for Evaluating Gameplay Experience in a Serious Gaming Context

Lennart Nacke, Anders Drachen, and Stefan Göbel. 2010. Methods for Evaluating Gameplay Experience in a Serious Gaming Context. .
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Article

More Than a Feeling: Measurement of Sonic User Experience and Psychophysiology in a First-Person Shooter Game

Lennart Nacke, Mark Grimshaw, and Craig Lindley. 2010. More Than a Feeling: Measurement of Sonic User Experience and Psychophysiology in a First-Person Shooter Game. .
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Article

Playability and Player Experience of Casual Games

Licia Calvi, Stefano Gualeni, Koos Nuijten, Lennart Nacke, and Karolien Poels. 2010. Playability and Player Experience of Casual Games. .
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Proceedings

The Neurobiology of Play

Chris Bateman and Lennart Nacke. 2010. The Neurobiology of Play. .
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Proceedings

Wiimote vs. Controller: Electroencephalographic Measurement of Affective Gameplay Interaction

Lennart Nacke. 2010. Wiimote vs. Controller: Electroencephalographic Measurement of Affective Gameplay Interaction. .
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Article

Affective Ludology, Flow and Immersion in a First-Person Shooter: Measurement of Player Experience

Lennart Nacke and Craig Lindley. 2009. Affective Ludology, Flow and Immersion in a First-Person Shooter: Measurement of Player Experience. .
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Misc

Affective Ludology: Scientific Measurement of User Experience in Interactive Entertainment

Lennart Nacke. 2009. Affective Ludology: Scientific Measurement of User Experience in Interactive Entertainment. .
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Article

Brain Training for Silver Gamers: Effects of Age and Game Form on Effectiveness, Efficiency, Self-Assessment, and Gameplay Experience.

Lennart Nacke, Anne Nacke, and Craig Lindley. 2009. Brain Training for Silver Gamers: Effects of Age and Game Form on Effectiveness, Efficiency, Self-Assessment, and Gameplay Experience.. .
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Proceedings

From Playability to a Hierarchical Game Usability Model

Lennart Nacke. 2009. From Playability to a Hierarchical Game Usability Model. .
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Article

Game Experience: Components and Methods of Measurement

Lennart Nacke. 2009. Game Experience: Components and Methods of Measurement. .

Proceedings

Gameplay Experience in a Gaze Interaction Game

Lennart Nacke, Sophie Stellmach, Dennis Sasse, and Craig Lindley. 2009. Gameplay Experience in a Gaze Interaction Game. .
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Proceedings

Playability and Player Experience Research

Lennart Nacke, Anders Drachen, Kai Kuikkaniemi, Joerg Niesenhaus, Hannu Korhonen, Wouter Hoogen, Karolien Poels, Wijnand A. IJsselsteijn, and Yvonne Kort. 2009. Playability and Player Experience Research. .
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Proceedings

Trends and Techniques in Visual Gaze Analysis

Sophie Stellmach, Lennart Nacke, Raimund Dachselt, and Craig Lindley. 2009. Trends and Techniques in Visual Gaze Analysis. .
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